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reference strain s pneumoniae atcc 49619  (ATCC)


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    ATCC reference strain s pneumoniae atcc 49619
    Effects of azeliragon on the in vitro growth of S. pneumoniae . Dose–response relationships of S. pneumoniae <t>ATCC</t> <t>49619</t> (A) , S. pneumoniae 1057 (B) , and S. pneumoniae 1044 (C) following treatment with increasing concentrations of azeliragon. Bacterial growth was measured after 18 h of incubation and expressed as OD 600 . Effects of azeliragon on the growth kinetics of S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 (D) , S. pneumoniae 1057 (E) , and S. pneumoniae 1044 (F) . Bacteria were cultured under control conditions or with different concentrations of azeliragon, and OD 600 was recorded at indicated time points to generate growth curves. Data were presented as mean ± SD. The experiments were performed with three independent biological replicates ( n = 3). “ns” represented no significant difference, ** p < 0.01.
    Reference Strain S Pneumoniae Atcc 49619, supplied by ATCC, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 99/100, based on 2950 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/s+pneumoniae+strain+atcc+49619/Streptococcus+pneumoniae+(Klein)+Chester/pmc13102591-151-11-15
    Average 99 stars, based on 2950 article reviews
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    1) Product Images from "Protective effects of the RAGE inhibitor azeliragon as a potential anti- Streptococcus pneumoniae therapeutic in sepsis models"

    Article Title: Protective effects of the RAGE inhibitor azeliragon as a potential anti- Streptococcus pneumoniae therapeutic in sepsis models

    Journal: Frontiers in Medicine

    doi: 10.3389/fmed.2026.1793580

    Effects of azeliragon on the in vitro growth of S. pneumoniae . Dose–response relationships of S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 (A) , S. pneumoniae 1057 (B) , and S. pneumoniae 1044 (C) following treatment with increasing concentrations of azeliragon. Bacterial growth was measured after 18 h of incubation and expressed as OD 600 . Effects of azeliragon on the growth kinetics of S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 (D) , S. pneumoniae 1057 (E) , and S. pneumoniae 1044 (F) . Bacteria were cultured under control conditions or with different concentrations of azeliragon, and OD 600 was recorded at indicated time points to generate growth curves. Data were presented as mean ± SD. The experiments were performed with three independent biological replicates ( n = 3). “ns” represented no significant difference, ** p < 0.01.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Effects of azeliragon on the in vitro growth of S. pneumoniae . Dose–response relationships of S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 (A) , S. pneumoniae 1057 (B) , and S. pneumoniae 1044 (C) following treatment with increasing concentrations of azeliragon. Bacterial growth was measured after 18 h of incubation and expressed as OD 600 . Effects of azeliragon on the growth kinetics of S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 (D) , S. pneumoniae 1057 (E) , and S. pneumoniae 1044 (F) . Bacteria were cultured under control conditions or with different concentrations of azeliragon, and OD 600 was recorded at indicated time points to generate growth curves. Data were presented as mean ± SD. The experiments were performed with three independent biological replicates ( n = 3). “ns” represented no significant difference, ** p < 0.01.

    Techniques Used: In Vitro, Incubation, Bacteria, Cell Culture, Control

    Time-kill activity and biofilm disruption effects of azeliragon against S. pneumoniae . Time-kill curves of S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 (A) , S. pneumoniae 1057 (B) , and S. pneumoniae 1044 (C) treated with azeliragon (4× MIC). Bacteria were cultured under control conditions or treated with azeliragon (4× MIC) or vancomycin (4× MIC), and viable counts (CFU/mL) were determined at indicated time points. Effects of azeliragon (4× MIC) on biofilm biomass of S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 (D) , S. pneumoniae 1057 (E) , and S. pneumoniae 1044 (F) . Mature biofilms were treated with the indicated drugs for 24 h and quantified by crystal violet staining. Results are expressed as OD₅₇₀. Data were presented as mean ± SD. Data were presented as mean ± SD. The experiments were performed with six independent biological replicates ( n = 6). Group comparisons for biofilm assays were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple-comparison test. “ns” represented no significant difference, *** p < 0.001.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Time-kill activity and biofilm disruption effects of azeliragon against S. pneumoniae . Time-kill curves of S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 (A) , S. pneumoniae 1057 (B) , and S. pneumoniae 1044 (C) treated with azeliragon (4× MIC). Bacteria were cultured under control conditions or treated with azeliragon (4× MIC) or vancomycin (4× MIC), and viable counts (CFU/mL) were determined at indicated time points. Effects of azeliragon (4× MIC) on biofilm biomass of S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 (D) , S. pneumoniae 1057 (E) , and S. pneumoniae 1044 (F) . Mature biofilms were treated with the indicated drugs for 24 h and quantified by crystal violet staining. Results are expressed as OD₅₇₀. Data were presented as mean ± SD. Data were presented as mean ± SD. The experiments were performed with six independent biological replicates ( n = 6). Group comparisons for biofilm assays were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple-comparison test. “ns” represented no significant difference, *** p < 0.001.

    Techniques Used: Activity Assay, Disruption, Bacteria, Cell Culture, Control, Staining, Comparison

    In vivo protective effects of azeliragon in a mouse infection model. (A) Determination of the infectious dose of S. pneumoniae 1044. (B) Therapeutic efficacy of azeliragon in the pneumonia model. (C) Seven-day survival curves of mice with sepsis induced by S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619. Mice received vehicle control, bacterial control, azeliragon (5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg), or vancomycin (10 mg/kg). Each group contained 10 mice. Survival was monitored continuously. (D) Seven-day survival curves of mice with sepsis induced by the clinical S. pneumoniae isolate 1044. Experimental groups and treatments were identical to those in (A) . Survival data were plotted using the Kaplan–Meier method, and statistical significance was determined using the log-rank (Mantel–Cox) test. “ns” represented no significant difference, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001.
    Figure Legend Snippet: In vivo protective effects of azeliragon in a mouse infection model. (A) Determination of the infectious dose of S. pneumoniae 1044. (B) Therapeutic efficacy of azeliragon in the pneumonia model. (C) Seven-day survival curves of mice with sepsis induced by S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619. Mice received vehicle control, bacterial control, azeliragon (5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg), or vancomycin (10 mg/kg). Each group contained 10 mice. Survival was monitored continuously. (D) Seven-day survival curves of mice with sepsis induced by the clinical S. pneumoniae isolate 1044. Experimental groups and treatments were identical to those in (A) . Survival data were plotted using the Kaplan–Meier method, and statistical significance was determined using the log-rank (Mantel–Cox) test. “ns” represented no significant difference, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001.

    Techniques Used: In Vivo, Infection, Drug discovery, Control

    Related Articles

    Control:

    Article Title: Integrated genomic analysis of antibiotic resistance and virulence determinants in invasive strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae
    Article Snippet: .. S. pneumoniae strain ATCC 49619 was used as the quality control strain. ..

    Article Title: The In Vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato: Shedding Light on the Known Unknowns.
    Article Snippet: .. According to the results obtained for S. pneumoniae strain ATCC 49619 in the quality control experiments of such studies, this remains true even when well-documented antibiotic-medium interactions are taken into account and the obtained MIC values are corrected for one or two log2 unit dilutions [52]. ..

    Article Title: The In Vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato: Shedding Light on the Known Unknowns
    Article Snippet: .. According to the results obtained for S. pneumoniae strain ATCC 49619 in the quality control experiments of such studies, this remains true even when well-documented antibiotic-medium interactions are taken into account and the obtained MIC values are corrected for one or two log 2 unit dilutions [ ]. ..

    Article Title: Multicenter comparison of Etest, Vitek2 and BD Phoenix to broth microdilution for beta-lactam susceptibility testing of Streptococcus pneumonia.
    Article Snippet: .. Quality control using S. pneumoniae strain ATCC 49619 was included in every run when an automated system (Vitek®2 or BD PhoenixTM) was used to perform the antibiotic susceptibility tests and as control for Etest® and BMD. .. BMD was performed by making use of a customized antibiotic panel, SensititreTM BELKUL1 (Thermo Fisher

    Article Title: Multicenter comparison of Etest, Vitek2 and BD Phoenix to broth microdilution for beta-lactam susceptibility testing of Streptococcus pneumonia
    Article Snippet: .. Quality control using S. pneumoniae strain ATCC 49619 was included in every run when an automated system (Vitek®2 or BD PhoenixTM) was used to perform the antibiotic susceptibility tests and as control for Etest® and BMD. .. BMD was performed by making use of a customized antibiotic panel, SensititreTM BELKUL1 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Massachusetts, USA).

    other:

    Article Title: Synthetic mRNA delivered to human cells leads to expression of Cpl-1 bacteriophage-endolysin with activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae
    Article Snippet: S. pneumoniae strain ATCC 49619 (serotype 19F) was used as a reference strain, which was used for all experiments.

    Article Title: <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> infections and improper storage conditions influence the performance of 1,3‐<i>β</i>‐<scp>d</scp>‐glucan in diagnosis of invasive fungal infections
    Article Snippet: P. aeruginosa (PA01, PA14, PA23, and PA26) and S. pneumoniae strain ATCC 49619 were grown in LB and THY plus 10% FBS, respectively, as described above for growth curves.

    Selection:

    Article Title: Development and optimization of an easy to interpret loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the identification of bacterial pathogens causing childhood pneumonia
    Article Snippet: .. For all dye selection experiments, a 0.5 McFarland suspension of S. pneumoniae strain ATCC 49619 and its specific primers was used as a positive control, after incubation at 99 °C for 10 min for nucleic acid extraction, and the LAMP reaction was performed at 65 °C for 60 min using a commercial thermoblock (Applied Biosystems, Thermal Cycler 2720). .. Fluorescence was visualized under blue light at 470 nm with a Safe Imager 2.0 transilluminator (Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, USA), and images were captured using a smartphone (Apple Inc., USA).

    Suspension:

    Article Title: Development and optimization of an easy to interpret loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the identification of bacterial pathogens causing childhood pneumonia
    Article Snippet: .. For all dye selection experiments, a 0.5 McFarland suspension of S. pneumoniae strain ATCC 49619 and its specific primers was used as a positive control, after incubation at 99 °C for 10 min for nucleic acid extraction, and the LAMP reaction was performed at 65 °C for 60 min using a commercial thermoblock (Applied Biosystems, Thermal Cycler 2720). .. Fluorescence was visualized under blue light at 470 nm with a Safe Imager 2.0 transilluminator (Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, USA), and images were captured using a smartphone (Apple Inc., USA).

    Positive Control:

    Article Title: Development and optimization of an easy to interpret loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the identification of bacterial pathogens causing childhood pneumonia
    Article Snippet: .. For all dye selection experiments, a 0.5 McFarland suspension of S. pneumoniae strain ATCC 49619 and its specific primers was used as a positive control, after incubation at 99 °C for 10 min for nucleic acid extraction, and the LAMP reaction was performed at 65 °C for 60 min using a commercial thermoblock (Applied Biosystems, Thermal Cycler 2720). .. Fluorescence was visualized under blue light at 470 nm with a Safe Imager 2.0 transilluminator (Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, USA), and images were captured using a smartphone (Apple Inc., USA).

    Incubation:

    Article Title: Development and optimization of an easy to interpret loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the identification of bacterial pathogens causing childhood pneumonia
    Article Snippet: .. For all dye selection experiments, a 0.5 McFarland suspension of S. pneumoniae strain ATCC 49619 and its specific primers was used as a positive control, after incubation at 99 °C for 10 min for nucleic acid extraction, and the LAMP reaction was performed at 65 °C for 60 min using a commercial thermoblock (Applied Biosystems, Thermal Cycler 2720). .. Fluorescence was visualized under blue light at 470 nm with a Safe Imager 2.0 transilluminator (Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, USA), and images were captured using a smartphone (Apple Inc., USA).

    Extraction:

    Article Title: Development and optimization of an easy to interpret loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the identification of bacterial pathogens causing childhood pneumonia
    Article Snippet: .. For all dye selection experiments, a 0.5 McFarland suspension of S. pneumoniae strain ATCC 49619 and its specific primers was used as a positive control, after incubation at 99 °C for 10 min for nucleic acid extraction, and the LAMP reaction was performed at 65 °C for 60 min using a commercial thermoblock (Applied Biosystems, Thermal Cycler 2720). .. Fluorescence was visualized under blue light at 470 nm with a Safe Imager 2.0 transilluminator (Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, USA), and images were captured using a smartphone (Apple Inc., USA).



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    Effects of azeliragon on the in vitro growth of S. pneumoniae . Dose–response relationships of S. pneumoniae <t>ATCC</t> <t>49619</t> (A) , S. pneumoniae 1057 (B) , and S. pneumoniae 1044 (C) following treatment with increasing concentrations of azeliragon. Bacterial growth was measured after 18 h of incubation and expressed as OD 600 . Effects of azeliragon on the growth kinetics of S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 (D) , S. pneumoniae 1057 (E) , and S. pneumoniae 1044 (F) . Bacteria were cultured under control conditions or with different concentrations of azeliragon, and OD 600 was recorded at indicated time points to generate growth curves. Data were presented as mean ± SD. The experiments were performed with three independent biological replicates ( n = 3). “ns” represented no significant difference, ** p < 0.01.
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    Effects of azeliragon on the in vitro growth of S. pneumoniae . Dose–response relationships of S. pneumoniae <t>ATCC</t> <t>49619</t> (A) , S. pneumoniae 1057 (B) , and S. pneumoniae 1044 (C) following treatment with increasing concentrations of azeliragon. Bacterial growth was measured after 18 h of incubation and expressed as OD 600 . Effects of azeliragon on the growth kinetics of S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 (D) , S. pneumoniae 1057 (E) , and S. pneumoniae 1044 (F) . Bacteria were cultured under control conditions or with different concentrations of azeliragon, and OD 600 was recorded at indicated time points to generate growth curves. Data were presented as mean ± SD. The experiments were performed with three independent biological replicates ( n = 3). “ns” represented no significant difference, ** p < 0.01.
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    Image Search Results


    Effects of azeliragon on the in vitro growth of S. pneumoniae . Dose–response relationships of S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 (A) , S. pneumoniae 1057 (B) , and S. pneumoniae 1044 (C) following treatment with increasing concentrations of azeliragon. Bacterial growth was measured after 18 h of incubation and expressed as OD 600 . Effects of azeliragon on the growth kinetics of S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 (D) , S. pneumoniae 1057 (E) , and S. pneumoniae 1044 (F) . Bacteria were cultured under control conditions or with different concentrations of azeliragon, and OD 600 was recorded at indicated time points to generate growth curves. Data were presented as mean ± SD. The experiments were performed with three independent biological replicates ( n = 3). “ns” represented no significant difference, ** p < 0.01.

    Journal: Frontiers in Medicine

    Article Title: Protective effects of the RAGE inhibitor azeliragon as a potential anti- Streptococcus pneumoniae therapeutic in sepsis models

    doi: 10.3389/fmed.2026.1793580

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of azeliragon on the in vitro growth of S. pneumoniae . Dose–response relationships of S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 (A) , S. pneumoniae 1057 (B) , and S. pneumoniae 1044 (C) following treatment with increasing concentrations of azeliragon. Bacterial growth was measured after 18 h of incubation and expressed as OD 600 . Effects of azeliragon on the growth kinetics of S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 (D) , S. pneumoniae 1057 (E) , and S. pneumoniae 1044 (F) . Bacteria were cultured under control conditions or with different concentrations of azeliragon, and OD 600 was recorded at indicated time points to generate growth curves. Data were presented as mean ± SD. The experiments were performed with three independent biological replicates ( n = 3). “ns” represented no significant difference, ** p < 0.01.

    Article Snippet: To further assess the effects of azeliragon on pneumococcal growth, the reference strain S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 and two clinical isolates (1057 and 1044) were examined under different drug concentrations.

    Techniques: In Vitro, Incubation, Bacteria, Cell Culture, Control

    Time-kill activity and biofilm disruption effects of azeliragon against S. pneumoniae . Time-kill curves of S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 (A) , S. pneumoniae 1057 (B) , and S. pneumoniae 1044 (C) treated with azeliragon (4× MIC). Bacteria were cultured under control conditions or treated with azeliragon (4× MIC) or vancomycin (4× MIC), and viable counts (CFU/mL) were determined at indicated time points. Effects of azeliragon (4× MIC) on biofilm biomass of S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 (D) , S. pneumoniae 1057 (E) , and S. pneumoniae 1044 (F) . Mature biofilms were treated with the indicated drugs for 24 h and quantified by crystal violet staining. Results are expressed as OD₅₇₀. Data were presented as mean ± SD. Data were presented as mean ± SD. The experiments were performed with six independent biological replicates ( n = 6). Group comparisons for biofilm assays were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple-comparison test. “ns” represented no significant difference, *** p < 0.001.

    Journal: Frontiers in Medicine

    Article Title: Protective effects of the RAGE inhibitor azeliragon as a potential anti- Streptococcus pneumoniae therapeutic in sepsis models

    doi: 10.3389/fmed.2026.1793580

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Time-kill activity and biofilm disruption effects of azeliragon against S. pneumoniae . Time-kill curves of S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 (A) , S. pneumoniae 1057 (B) , and S. pneumoniae 1044 (C) treated with azeliragon (4× MIC). Bacteria were cultured under control conditions or treated with azeliragon (4× MIC) or vancomycin (4× MIC), and viable counts (CFU/mL) were determined at indicated time points. Effects of azeliragon (4× MIC) on biofilm biomass of S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 (D) , S. pneumoniae 1057 (E) , and S. pneumoniae 1044 (F) . Mature biofilms were treated with the indicated drugs for 24 h and quantified by crystal violet staining. Results are expressed as OD₅₇₀. Data were presented as mean ± SD. Data were presented as mean ± SD. The experiments were performed with six independent biological replicates ( n = 6). Group comparisons for biofilm assays were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple-comparison test. “ns” represented no significant difference, *** p < 0.001.

    Article Snippet: To further assess the effects of azeliragon on pneumococcal growth, the reference strain S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 and two clinical isolates (1057 and 1044) were examined under different drug concentrations.

    Techniques: Activity Assay, Disruption, Bacteria, Cell Culture, Control, Staining, Comparison

    In vivo protective effects of azeliragon in a mouse infection model. (A) Determination of the infectious dose of S. pneumoniae 1044. (B) Therapeutic efficacy of azeliragon in the pneumonia model. (C) Seven-day survival curves of mice with sepsis induced by S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619. Mice received vehicle control, bacterial control, azeliragon (5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg), or vancomycin (10 mg/kg). Each group contained 10 mice. Survival was monitored continuously. (D) Seven-day survival curves of mice with sepsis induced by the clinical S. pneumoniae isolate 1044. Experimental groups and treatments were identical to those in (A) . Survival data were plotted using the Kaplan–Meier method, and statistical significance was determined using the log-rank (Mantel–Cox) test. “ns” represented no significant difference, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001.

    Journal: Frontiers in Medicine

    Article Title: Protective effects of the RAGE inhibitor azeliragon as a potential anti- Streptococcus pneumoniae therapeutic in sepsis models

    doi: 10.3389/fmed.2026.1793580

    Figure Lengend Snippet: In vivo protective effects of azeliragon in a mouse infection model. (A) Determination of the infectious dose of S. pneumoniae 1044. (B) Therapeutic efficacy of azeliragon in the pneumonia model. (C) Seven-day survival curves of mice with sepsis induced by S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619. Mice received vehicle control, bacterial control, azeliragon (5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg), or vancomycin (10 mg/kg). Each group contained 10 mice. Survival was monitored continuously. (D) Seven-day survival curves of mice with sepsis induced by the clinical S. pneumoniae isolate 1044. Experimental groups and treatments were identical to those in (A) . Survival data were plotted using the Kaplan–Meier method, and statistical significance was determined using the log-rank (Mantel–Cox) test. “ns” represented no significant difference, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001.

    Article Snippet: To further assess the effects of azeliragon on pneumococcal growth, the reference strain S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 and two clinical isolates (1057 and 1044) were examined under different drug concentrations.

    Techniques: In Vivo, Infection, Drug discovery, Control

    Serotype distribution of ocular S. pneumoniae in Zhejiang, China. The serotypes of S. pneumoniae strains collected in the current study are presented in the bar figure. The green bars represent the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine types (PCV12T and PCV20T), and the gray bars represent the non-vaccine serotypes (NVT). A small figure was inserted in the upper-right corner to show the proportion of PCVs covered serotypes and NVT in all isolates.

    Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

    Article Title: High-resolution genomics uncovers region-specific evolution and virulence of ocular Streptococcus pneumoniae

    doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03291-25

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Serotype distribution of ocular S. pneumoniae in Zhejiang, China. The serotypes of S. pneumoniae strains collected in the current study are presented in the bar figure. The green bars represent the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine types (PCV12T and PCV20T), and the gray bars represent the non-vaccine serotypes (NVT). A small figure was inserted in the upper-right corner to show the proportion of PCVs covered serotypes and NVT in all isolates.

    Article Snippet: An S. pneumoniae reference strain (ATCC 49619) was used as quality control for each antimicrobial susceptibility test.

    Techniques:

    The phylogenetic analysis and distribution of major antimicrobial resistance determinants among global ocular S. pneumoniae strains and the antimicrobial resistance profile of pneumococcus in the current study. ( A ) The phylogenetic tree of global pneumococcal isolates from ocular infections ( n = 58) was constructed via PopPUNK (v2.4.0) and aligned with the metadata, including country, serotype, ST type, GPSC type, and PBP1a-2b-2x mutation type, and antimicrobial resistance determinants ( ermB, mefA, and tetM ). This panel was visualized using iTOL (v6). ( B ) The antimicrobial susceptibility test results of PEN, CRO, ERY, and LVX against isolated ocular pneumococcus (one figure for each drug), and the last figure (bottom right corner of panel B) represents the resistance proportion in all tested pneumococcal strains against each drug. Red bars represent the resistance strains, and gray bars show the susceptible strains. The red dashed line in each figure indicates the breakpoint of each drug against S. pneumoniae according to the CLSI standard 2023.

    Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

    Article Title: High-resolution genomics uncovers region-specific evolution and virulence of ocular Streptococcus pneumoniae

    doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03291-25

    Figure Lengend Snippet: The phylogenetic analysis and distribution of major antimicrobial resistance determinants among global ocular S. pneumoniae strains and the antimicrobial resistance profile of pneumococcus in the current study. ( A ) The phylogenetic tree of global pneumococcal isolates from ocular infections ( n = 58) was constructed via PopPUNK (v2.4.0) and aligned with the metadata, including country, serotype, ST type, GPSC type, and PBP1a-2b-2x mutation type, and antimicrobial resistance determinants ( ermB, mefA, and tetM ). This panel was visualized using iTOL (v6). ( B ) The antimicrobial susceptibility test results of PEN, CRO, ERY, and LVX against isolated ocular pneumococcus (one figure for each drug), and the last figure (bottom right corner of panel B) represents the resistance proportion in all tested pneumococcal strains against each drug. Red bars represent the resistance strains, and gray bars show the susceptible strains. The red dashed line in each figure indicates the breakpoint of each drug against S. pneumoniae according to the CLSI standard 2023.

    Article Snippet: An S. pneumoniae reference strain (ATCC 49619) was used as quality control for each antimicrobial susceptibility test.

    Techniques: Construct, Mutagenesis, Isolation

    Clone distribution aligned with diagnoses and virulence factors detected in global ocular S. pneumoniae . The phylogenetic tree of global pneumococcal isolates from ocular infections ( n = 58) was constructed via PopPUNK (v2.4.0) and aligned with the metadata, including diagnoses, country, serotype, ST type, GPSC type, and virulence factors. Four major clones were identified and shaded with different colors on the branch, including CC344 (light yellow), CC448 (light red), CC271 (light blue), and CC90 (light green).

    Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

    Article Title: High-resolution genomics uncovers region-specific evolution and virulence of ocular Streptococcus pneumoniae

    doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03291-25

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Clone distribution aligned with diagnoses and virulence factors detected in global ocular S. pneumoniae . The phylogenetic tree of global pneumococcal isolates from ocular infections ( n = 58) was constructed via PopPUNK (v2.4.0) and aligned with the metadata, including diagnoses, country, serotype, ST type, GPSC type, and virulence factors. Four major clones were identified and shaded with different colors on the branch, including CC344 (light yellow), CC448 (light red), CC271 (light blue), and CC90 (light green).

    Article Snippet: An S. pneumoniae reference strain (ATCC 49619) was used as quality control for each antimicrobial susceptibility test.

    Techniques: Construct, Clone Assay

    Recombination analysis of global ocular S. pneumoniae. ( A ) The phylogenetic tree of global pneumococcal isolates from ocular infections ( n = 58) was constructed using the SNP of the core genome of each strain, and TIGR4 was used as the reference strain (aligned at the top of panel A). The ocular pneumococcal strains from China were marked in red in the isolated ID. The serotype, country, and diagnosis data were aligned at the tree tip. Recombination data were presented in red (recombination within each clone complex on an internal branch) and blue (recombination that occurred on a terminal branch that is unique to each isolate) blocks. Due to the high diversity of serotypes, countries, and diagnostic data presented in this figure, we chose to use a gradient color scale, ranging from bright yellow to dark blue, to illustrate the differences in the data. For example, in the serotype data, NT is bright yellow, serotype 3 is green, and 10A is dark blue. Specific data corresponding to each color are presented in the legend below panel A. The total SNP number ( B ), number of SNPs inside recombination ( C ), and recombination blocks ( D ) of each isolate were calculated in different regions (China, North America, Europe, and other Asian countries) worldwide. ( E ) The strains with r/m > 1 (the ratio of SNP introduced by recombination and by mutation) were also counted in the above four regions worldwide. “***” represents a P < 0.001, “****” represents a P < 0.0001, and “ns” indicates no significant difference between compared groups.

    Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

    Article Title: High-resolution genomics uncovers region-specific evolution and virulence of ocular Streptococcus pneumoniae

    doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03291-25

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Recombination analysis of global ocular S. pneumoniae. ( A ) The phylogenetic tree of global pneumococcal isolates from ocular infections ( n = 58) was constructed using the SNP of the core genome of each strain, and TIGR4 was used as the reference strain (aligned at the top of panel A). The ocular pneumococcal strains from China were marked in red in the isolated ID. The serotype, country, and diagnosis data were aligned at the tree tip. Recombination data were presented in red (recombination within each clone complex on an internal branch) and blue (recombination that occurred on a terminal branch that is unique to each isolate) blocks. Due to the high diversity of serotypes, countries, and diagnostic data presented in this figure, we chose to use a gradient color scale, ranging from bright yellow to dark blue, to illustrate the differences in the data. For example, in the serotype data, NT is bright yellow, serotype 3 is green, and 10A is dark blue. Specific data corresponding to each color are presented in the legend below panel A. The total SNP number ( B ), number of SNPs inside recombination ( C ), and recombination blocks ( D ) of each isolate were calculated in different regions (China, North America, Europe, and other Asian countries) worldwide. ( E ) The strains with r/m > 1 (the ratio of SNP introduced by recombination and by mutation) were also counted in the above four regions worldwide. “***” represents a P < 0.001, “****” represents a P < 0.0001, and “ns” indicates no significant difference between compared groups.

    Article Snippet: An S. pneumoniae reference strain (ATCC 49619) was used as quality control for each antimicrobial susceptibility test.

    Techniques: Construct, Isolation, Biomarker Discovery, Diagnostic Assay, Mutagenesis

    Single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis of global ocular S. pneumoniae . ( A–D ) The top 20 SNPs accumulated genes in ocular S. pneumoniae isolated from North America ( A ), Europe ( B ), other Asian countries ( C ), and China ( D ). The light red shading indicates the top five mutated genes. The dark red shading indicates the top mutated gene. The blue star marks gene ranked in the top five in China and not in other regions. ( E ) The SNP distribution across all genes of ocular S. pneumoniae from North America, Europe, other Asian countries, and China.

    Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

    Article Title: High-resolution genomics uncovers region-specific evolution and virulence of ocular Streptococcus pneumoniae

    doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03291-25

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis of global ocular S. pneumoniae . ( A–D ) The top 20 SNPs accumulated genes in ocular S. pneumoniae isolated from North America ( A ), Europe ( B ), other Asian countries ( C ), and China ( D ). The light red shading indicates the top five mutated genes. The dark red shading indicates the top mutated gene. The blue star marks gene ranked in the top five in China and not in other regions. ( E ) The SNP distribution across all genes of ocular S. pneumoniae from North America, Europe, other Asian countries, and China.

    Article Snippet: An S. pneumoniae reference strain (ATCC 49619) was used as quality control for each antimicrobial susceptibility test.

    Techniques: Isolation